ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯
ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߦߋ߫ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ (ߖߊߡߊ߬ߣߌ߫)߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߝߘߏ߬ߓߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߞߏ߫ (ߓߎ߲ߘߍߛ ߙߌ߬ߔߐߓߟߌߞ ߘߐߕߛ߭ߑߟߊ߲ߘ)߸ ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߋߟߕ ߣߌ߫ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߞߐ߰ߖߌ ߕߍ߫ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߐ߲ߛߑߕߊ߲ߛ ߞߐ߰ߖߌ߬ߘߟߊ ߣߌ߫ ߙߍ߲߫ ߦߴߊ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫.
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| ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ | ߋߙߐߔߎ߬, ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲  |
|---|---|
| ߟߊߝߟߐߕߎߡߊ | ߂߃ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ 1949 |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ ߕߐ߮ | Bundesrepublik Deutschland |
| ߕߐ߮ ߓߊߖߎ | Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland |
| ߕߐ߯ ߛߎߘߎ߲ | Deutschland |
| ߛߌߦߊ | ߊߟߌߡߊ߲, Turks, Poles, Syrians, Romanians |
| ߛߓߍߞߘߐ ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ | German Federal Archives |
| ߓߊ ߡߍ߲ ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߦߋ߫ | Danube basin, Oder Basin, Rhine basin, Elbe Basin, Weser Basin |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߰ߟߌ߬ ߞߊ߲ | ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߞߊ߲ |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߘߐ߲ߞߟߌ | national anthem of Germany |
| ߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ߧߊ | culture of Germany |
| ߞߎ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߘߐ ߞߣߐ ߘߐ | Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit |
| ߜߙߋ | ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ | ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ |
| ߞߎߓߋߘߊ | ߓߍߙߑߟߍ߲߫ |
| ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߙߋ߲ | UTC+01:00, UTC+02:00 |
| ߖߌߡߊߦߙߐ | Baltic Sea, North Sea |
| ߛߌ߬ߢߊ߫ | ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲, Western Europe |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ ߛߌ߰ߝߏ߲ | ߅߁°߀′߀″N ߁߀°߀′߀″E |
| Coordinates of geographic center | ߅߁°߉′߄߈″N ߁߀°߂߆′߅߂″E |
| ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߞߐߞߘߐߟߊ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߖߟߎ | ߅߁°߁߆′߂߂″N ߁߅°߂′߃߀″E |
| ߞߐߘߎ | ߅߅°߃′߃߀″N ߈°߂߅′߉″E |
| ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߞߐߞߘߐߟߊ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߖߟߎ | ߄߇°߁߆′߁߂″N ߁߀°߁߀′߄߂″E |
| Coordinates of westernmost point | ߅߁°߃′߄″N ߅°߅߁′߅߉″E |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ ߘߎ߰ߛߎߡߊ߲ | Data:Germany.map |
| ߦߙߐ߫ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߣߍ߲ | Zugspitze |
| ߦߙߐ߫ ߡߊߖߌ߰ߣߍ߲ | Neuendorf-Sachsenbande |
| Basic form of government | ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲, ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊߝߏ, federal parliamentary republic, ߞߎߡߊߓߏ߲ߠߞߊ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ |
| ߞߊ߲ߕߌ߮ ߟߊ߫ ߓߙߊ߫ | president of Germany |
| ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߮ | Frank-Walter Steinmeier |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߞߏߕߌ߯ ߛߓߍߘߊ | Federal Chancellor of Germany |
| ߟߥߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߌ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߮ | Olaf Scholz |
| ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߓߊ߮ | federal level of Germany, Government of the Federal Republic of Germany |
| ߥߛߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ | Bundesrat, German Bundestag |
| ߞߕߌߦߊ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߕߊ | Federal Constitutional Court |
| ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߜߍߓߏ߲ | Deutsche Bundesbank |
| Currency | Euro |
| Coextensive with | Germany |
| ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߊ߲ | ߓߘߍ߫ |
| ߧߎߡߍߓߎߦߌ ߛߎ | Schuko, Europlug |
| ߣߘߐߓߌߟߊ | West Germany, German Democratic Republic, German Reich, Trizone, German Reich |
| ߓߟߐߟߐ | https://www.deutschland.de/ |
| Hashtag | Deutschland, Germany |
| ߓߟߐߟߐߛߙߋ | .de |
| ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߖߏ߲߬ߖߏ߲ | flag of Germany |
| Coat of arms | coat of arms of Germany |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ | geography of Germany |
| ߊ߬ ߘߎ߲߬ߘߎ߲߬ߡߦߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ | free country |
| ߘߐ߬ߝߐ | history of Germany |
| Item operated | Embassy of Germany, Riga |
| Patron saint | Michael |
| Railway traffic side | ߓߘߍ߫ |
| Open data portal | GovData, Politik bei uns |
| Economy of topic | economy of Germany |
| Demographics of topic | demographics of Germany |
| Time of earliest written record | 919 |
| ߕߎ߲ߞߊ߲ ߞߟߌߟߌߛߙߋ ߂ | 262 |
| ߕߎ߲ߞߊ߲ ߞߟߌߟߌߛߙߋ ߁ | +49 |
| Trunk prefix | 0 |
| ߜߍ߬ߘߍ߲߬ߘߐ߬ ߞߟߌߟߌ ߝߙߍߕߍ | 112, 110, 116117 |
| GS1 country code | 400-440 |
| Licence plate code | D |
| Maritime identification digits | 211, 218 |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/germany |
| Unicode character | 🇩🇪 |
| Category for honorary citizens of entity | Category:Honorary citizens from Germany |
| ߘߎ߰ߡߊ߬ߛߓߍ ߔߊ߬ߔߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߦߌߟߡߊ | Category:Maps of Germany |
| ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ | |
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ߘߊ߲߭ ߦߴߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߘߊߣߋߡߊߙߞ ߕߍ߫ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫߸ ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ ߣߌ߫ ߗߍߞ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߦߴߊ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߣߌ߫ ߛߑߥߌߛ ߟߎ߫ ߦߴߊ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫߸ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮-ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߟߎߞߑߛߍ߲ߓߎߙߜ߭ ߣߌ߫ ߤߏߟߊ߲ߘ (ߣߌߘߊߟߊ߲߬ߘ) ߟߎ߫ ߦߴߊ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߘߐ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߁߆ ߟߎ߫ ߘߟߊߘߍ߰ߣߍ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߝߘߎ߬߬ߓߍ߲߫ ߃߅߇ ߃߈߆ ߞߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ߘߊ߫ ߘߐߝߊ߲ߟߋ߲ ߥߎ߬ߛߎ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߦߋ߫ ߓߊ߲ߘߊ߫ ߘߎߡߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ߓߊ߮ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߞߋ߲߬ߥߟߎ߫ ߈߃ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߖߡߊ߬ߓߊ߬ߕߌ߮ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߬ ߞߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߘߍ߭ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߡߐ߰ߡߊ ߘߌ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߦߋ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߬ ߕߊ߲ߕߊ߲ߓߐߣߍ߲ߓߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߎߓߋߘߊ ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߏ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߓߟߋ߬ߓߟߋ ߦߋ߫ ߓߍߙߑߟߍ߲߫ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߝߑߙߊ߲ߞߑߝߐߙ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߝߟߏ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߎߓߋߘߊ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߛߊ߲ߡߊߘߊ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߓߟߏߘߐߜߍ߬ߘߍ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ. ߛߏߞߣߐߟߊ ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߛߌ߰ߓߊ߮ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߦߋ߫ ߙߎߙ ߘߌ߫, ߡߍ߲ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߓߊߖߎߟߞߊ ߦߋ߫ ߘߐߙߕߑߡߐ߲ߘ ߣߌ߫ ߋߛߍ߲߫ ߘߌ߫. ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߛߏߓߊ ߕߐ߭ ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߤߊ߲ߓߎߙߜ߭߸ ߡߎߣߌߗ߸ ߞߐߟߐ߲ߢ߸ ߛߑߕߎߕߑߜ߭ߊߙߕ߸. ߘߎߛߋߌߘߐ߯ߙߝ߸ ߟߋߌߔߑߖ߭ߌߞ߸ ߓߑߙߍ߲ߡ߸ ߘߑߙߋߛߑߘߌ߫߸ ߤߊߣߏߝ߭ߑߙ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߣߎߙߍ߲ߓߍߙߜ߭. ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌ߫ ߛߌߦߊ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߰ߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߌ߰ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ߞߎߘߊ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߞߊ߬ߞߘߐߞߘߐ ߥߎ߬ߛߎ ߟߊ߫. ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߕߐ߯ ߕߘߍ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌߦߊ߫ (ߖߡߊߣߌߦߊ߫)߸ ߏ߬ ߘߐ߬ߛߙߋ߬ߦߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ߦߌ߯ ߛߊ߲߭ ߁߀߀ ߟߊ߫. ߝߎ߲ߘߟߌ ߥߎ߬ߛߎ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߊ߮ ߟߋ߬ ߞߘߐ߫ ߛߊ߫߸ ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌ߫ ߛߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߝߊ߲߭ߝߍ߬. ߝߊ߯ߘߐߞߍ߫ ߁߀߲ ߝߊ߲߭ߝߍ߬߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߛߏ߯ߙߏߣߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߙߐ߭ߡߎ߲߬ ߣߌ߫ ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߓߛߍ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߝߊ߲߭ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊ߬. ߝߊ߯ߘߐߞߍ߫ ߁߆߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߔߙߏߕߍߛߑߕߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߟߢߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߦߙߐ ߘߌ߫߸ ߙߐ߭ߡߎ߲߬ ߣߌ߫ ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߓߛߍ ߥߎ߬ߦߊ ߞߐ߫߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߙߎߝߊ ߛߏ߯ߙߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߈߁߅ ߟߊ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߥߎ߬ߦߊ߲߬ߞߌ߬ߟߌ ߁߈߄߈-߁߈߄߉ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߝߑߙߊ߲ߞߑߝߐߙ ߞߎߡߊߓߏ߲ ߞߐߘߌ߯ ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߯ߦߊ ߤߊߞߍ ߟߊߥߙߊ߬. ߁߈߇߁ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߣߘߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲߬ ߞߊߝߏ ߘߌ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲߫ ߞߊߝߏ ߟߎ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߘߟߊߘߍ߱ ߞߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߬ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߘߌ߫ (ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߣߌ߫ ߛߑߥߌߛ ߟߎ߫ ߢߌ߬ߣߊ߬ߓߐ߬ߣߍ߲ ߊ߬ ߘߐ߫)߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߘߐ߫ ߔߑߙߎߛߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߣߌ߬ߣߌ߬ߟߌ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬. ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߟߐߡߊ ߣߌ߫ ߁߉߁߈-߁߉߁߉ ߟߎ߬ ߥߎ߬ߦߊ߲߬ߞߌ߬ߟߌ ߟߎ߬ ߓߊ߲ߣߍ߲߸ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߣߐ߬ߘߐߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߥߋߌߡߊߙ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߞߎߡߊߓߏ߲ߠߞߊ ߟߊ߫. ߣߊߖ߭ߌ ߟߎ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߕߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߃߃ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߛߊ߬ߥߏ߬ߞߍ ߟߊߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߬ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߞߣߐ߫߸ ߞߵߏ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ ߘߌ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߝߍ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߦߊ߬ߤߎ߬ߘߌ߬ߦߊ߬ ߛߌߟߛߊ. ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߓߊ߲߫ ߣߍ߲ []ߋߙߐߔߎ߬]] ߞߣߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߥߘߊ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߲߫ ߢߌ߲߬ߢߐ߲߮ ߠߎ߬ ߟߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߘߐߝߘߊ ߡߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߢߐ߲߯ߕߍ߫߸ ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߟߊߘߊ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߘߍ߲ߒߖߘߍߟߊߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߛߌ߲ߘߌ߫: ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߘߐߓߛߏ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߢߌ߲߬ ߠߎ߬ ߕߍ߫: ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲߸ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߬, ߞߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߞߍ߫ ߛߏߝ߭ߌߦߋ ߘߍ߭ ߟߊ߫ ߦߙߐ߫ ߡߙߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߘߎ߰ߞߟߏ ߣߊ߯ߣߌ߲ߢߐ߲߮ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߠߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߏߝ߭ߌߦߋ ߘߍ߭ ߣߌ߫ ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ ߠߎ߫ ߡߊ߬. ߁߉߈߉ ߥߎ߬ߦߊ߲߬ߞߌ߬ߟߌ ߓߊ߲߫ ߣߍ߲߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߬ ߘߊ߲߭ ߛߌ߰ ߝߘߏ߬ߓߊ߬ ߞߊ߲߬ߞߋ߬ ߝߊ߲ߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߘߟߊߘߍ߰ ߘߊ߫ ߞߏ߲ߓߌߕߌ߮ ߃ ߁߉߉߀ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ ߞߎ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߡߊ߲߭ߕߎ߬ߙߋ ߦߋ߫ ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߞߎߡߊߓߏ߲ߠߞߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߏߕߌ߯ ߝߟߐߘߊ߮ (ߛ߭ߊ߲ߛߋߟߌߋߙ) ߦߋ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߡߙߊ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߡߊ߬ߓߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߜߟߐߡߌ߲ߡߊ ߘߐ߫: ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߣߊ߯ߣߌ߲ߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߞ.ߥ.ߢ (PIB) ߕߐ߯ߦߊߟߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߟߏ߯ߟߎߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ PPA ߘߐ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߛߋ߲ߞߏߟߊߘߐߦߊ ߡߊ߬ߘߎ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߝߋ߲ ߣߝߊ߬ߡߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߛߣߍ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߦߌ߬ߓߊ߮ ߛߓߊߣߊ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߛߓߊ߬ߕߌ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߓߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߢߣߊߡߦߊ ߞߊߓߋ߫ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߓߊ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߘߍ߭ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߍ߲ߘߍߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߘߊ߲ߘߊߟߌ ߡߊߞߊ߲ߞߊ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߞߊߓߋ ߟߊ߫. ߓߐ߰ߝߍ ߟߊߞߊ߲ߘߊ߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߟߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲ ߖߐ߰ߣߍ߲߬ ߛߙߊ߬ߓߊߟߌߦߊ ߘߐ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߙߎߝߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߦߴߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߘߍ߭ ߜߘߌߛߌ߰ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߅߇ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߘߍ߭ ߁߉߉߃ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߛ߭ߍ߲ߜ߭ߍ߲ߣ ߞߣߍ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߋߙߏ ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߡߊߞߍ߲߰ߓߊ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߉߉ ߟߊ߫. ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ '''ߟ.ߡ.ߞ.ߓ.ߢ''' (NATO = OTAN) ߣߌ߫ ߞ߇ (G7)߸ ߞ߂߀ (G20)߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ OCDE ߟߎ߬ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲. ߊ߬ ߡߊߟߐ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߟߐ߲ߣߌ߲ߦߊ ߘߝߊߟߌ ߡߊ߬߸ ߖߡߊߣߌ߫ ߓߘߊ߫ ߞߎ߬ߛߊ߲ ߣߌ߬ߣߌ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߎߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߛߣߍ߫߸ ߥߘߋ߬ߥߘߋ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߛߓߍߦߟߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߘߐ߲߬ߞߟߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߝߟߍ߬ߕߦߊ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߝߊ߬ߘߌ߬ߡߊ߬ߞߟߏ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߥߊߟߌߝߊ ߟߎ߬߸ ߟߐ߲ߞߏߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬߸ ߞߋ߬ߥߎ߬ߣߍ߲߬ߞߋߥߎ ߟߎ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߟߌߟߊ ߟߎ߫. ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߝߘߏ߬ߓߊ߬ ߗߍ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߞߍߦߙߐ ߟߎ߬ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߟߋ߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߞߎ߲ߝߊ߲ߓߐߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߥߊߦߙߐ ߘߌ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߘߐ߫.
ߝߐߓߏߟߏ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ
ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߞߟߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߘߝߊߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬: ߞߙߊߞߏ:ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߕߐ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲ ߖߡߊߣߌ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲ ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌߦߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߗ߭ߎߟ ߛߋߖ߭ߊߙ ߟߊߘߏ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߞߐ߫ ߙߍ߲ߣ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ ߟߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫.ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߓߐߖߎ ߘߌ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߛߍߟߑߕߌߞߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ (ߌߙߌߛ߭ ߞߘߐ ߜ߭ߍߙ = ߛߌ߰ߢߐ߲߮)߸ ߊ߬ ߝߐ ߝߣߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߘߐߕߛ߭ߑߟߊ߲ߘ߸ ߏ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߓߐߖߎ ߦߋ߫ ߘߌߎߕߛߌߦߎ߫ ߟߊ߲ߘ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ (ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ ߘߎ߱ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫)߸ ߏ߬ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߘߐߕߛߑߗ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ (ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߎߡߊ߲߫ ߠߊ߫ ߤߏߟߊ߲ߘߌߞߊ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊ߬)߸ ߘߌߦߎߕߌߛ ߞߘߐ ߟߎ߬ ߓߐ߲ߛߐ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߕߊ (ߘߌߦߏߕ ߥߟߊ߫ ߘߌߦߏߕߊ = ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ)߸ ߏ߬ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊߣߍ߲߫ ߠߋ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲߬ ߞߊ߲ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߓߐ߲ߛߐ߲ ߙߐߡߊ߲ߛ ߟߎ߬ ߝߊߙߊ߲ߝߊ߯ߛߌ߫. ߏ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߢߍߟߊ߫-ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌ߫ ߠߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ ߔߍߔߑߟߏߘߌߛߞߊߛ (ߕߌߦߎߘߌߛߑߞߎߛ ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲߬ߦߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߐߜߍ߫)߸ ߏ߬ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߔߘߏ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߢߍߟߊ-ߌ߲ߘߌ-ߋߙߐߔߎߞߊ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߕߋߥߑߕߋ߫߸ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ, ߕߋߥߑߕߍ߫߸ ߡߌ߬ߙߌ߲߬ߘߌ, ߏ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߓߐߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߕߏߕߐ߫ ߞߎߡߊߘߋ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߐ߫.
ߘߐ߬ߝߐ
ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߦߌߟߡߊ ߓߊߖߎߟߞߊ: ߞߙߊߞߏ:ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ. ߣߋߓߙߊ߫ ߝߜߍ߬ߟߋ߲߬ ߡߊߟߐ߲ߣߍ߲߸ ߁߇߀߀ ߌ.ߡ ߢߍ߫. ߡߊߎߥߍ߫ ߘߊߜߊ߯ߛߊ ߁߭ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊߞߊ߭ ߞߵߊ߬ ߦߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߝߟߐ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߟߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߏ߬ ߛߊ߲߬ ߆߀߀ ߀߀߀ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌ߲߬. ߝߟߍ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߝߋ߲ ߘߝߊߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߭ ߓߍ߯߸ ߊ߬ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߞߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߝߟߐ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߑߛ߭ߏߣߌ߲ߜ߭ߍ߲߫ ߞߋ߬ߡߎ߬ ߘߊߡߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߁߉߉߄ ߣߌ߫ ߁߉߉߈ ߕߍ߫߸ ߥߟߊ߫ ߦߙߌ ߡߛߊ߬ߞߊ߬ ߞߘߐߡߊ߲߬ ߛߋ߯ߦߌ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߎ߰ ߥߌ߯ߙߌ ߘߐ߫߸ ߣߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߃߈߀ ߀߀߀ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌ߲߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߐ߭ ߦߋ߫ ߜߟߊ߬ߜߟߊ߫ ߁.߈߂ ߞߵߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߜߟߊ߬ߜߟߊ߫ ߂.߂߅ ߟߊ߫. ߡߐ߰ ߞߟߏ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߎ߰ߘߐ߬ ߥߌ߯ߙߌ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߕߍ߫ ߞߊ߬ߞߎߘߊ ߡߐ߱ ߝߋ߲߫ ߘߌ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߣߋߊ߲ߘߍߙ ߝߏ߲ߝߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߞߣߐ߫. ߞߊ߬ߞߎߘߊ ߡߐ߱ ߛߌߦߊ ߏ߬ ߞߟߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߣߋߊ߲ߘߍߙߑߕߊߟߌߦߍ߲ߣ. ߒ߬ ߧߴߊ߬ ߖߌ߰ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߣߋߊ߲ߘߍߙߑߕߊߟߌߦߍ߲ߣ ߛߊ߬ߙߌ߬ߘߐ ߛߊ߲߬ ߄߀ ߀߀߀ ߠߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌ߲߬. ߞߊ߬ߞߎߘߊ ߡߐ߱ ߛߌߦߊ ߘߊ߬ߟߎ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߊ ߦߋ߫ ߡߎߣߎ߲ߧߊߟߌ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊߞߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߖߎߙߊ߫ ߝߊߟߊ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߎߟߡ ߘߊߝߍ߬. ߛߊ߲߬ߜߙߊ߬ ߡߊߟߛߍߣߍ߲߫ ߞߣߐ ߞߟߏ ߣߌ߫ ߛߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߛߋ߲߬ߓߊ ߜߋ߲߭ (ߛߋ߲߬ߓߊ߬ ߛߌߡߊ ߢߌ߲) ߘߐ߸ ߏ߬ ߛߊ߲߬ ߄߂ ߀߀߀ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌ߲߬, ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߕߏߟߏ߲ߞߍ߫ ߡߌߣߊ߲߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߣߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߛߌ߭ ߖߊ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߴߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߞߎ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ߟߊߦߐ߲ ߡߊ߲ߣ (ߖߘߊ߬ ߗߍ ߥߟߊ߫ ߖߘߊ߬ ߡߐ߮) ߡߍ߲ ߝߣߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߄߀ ߀߀߀ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߝߣߊ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߌ߲ߞߐ߲ߡߊ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߞߘߐ߬ߡߊ߲ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߛߐ߬ߛߐ߬ߟߌ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߤߏߤߑߟ ߝߋߟ ߦߙߐߕߐߕߐ ߝߣߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߃߅ ߀߀߀ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߝߣߊ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߰ ߛߌ߲ߞߐ߲ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߞߘߐ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߐ߫ ߛߌ߭ ߖߊ߲߬ߝߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߛߐ߬ߛߐ߬ߟߌ߬ ߕߍ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߣߋߓߙߊ߫ ߝߜߍ߬ߟߋ߲߬ ߛߊ߲ߘߐߟߞߊ ߟߋ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߟߏߟߊ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊߣߐ ߟߊߘߊ߲ߣߍ߲ ߘߊ߬ߢߊ߲߬ ߘߐ ߘߌ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߘߊ߬ߢߊ߲ ߥߎ߬ߛߎ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߕߍ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߏ߬ ߡߊ߲ߖߊ߲߬ ߣߋߓߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫߸ ߛߊߞߛ ߊ߲ߤߊߟߕ. ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡ.ߟ.ߛ.ߟ.ߟ.ߟ ߟߊ߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ ߘߐ߫ ߕߊ߲߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߦߟߌߓߌߟߊ ߘߌ߫.
ߗ߭ߍߙߑߡߊߣߌ߫ ߛߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߝߑߙߊ߲ߞ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫
ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߦߌߟߡߊ ߓߊߖߎߟߞߊ: ߞߙߊߞߏ:ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯߸ ߝߎ߲ߘߟߌ ߥߎ߬ߛߎ ߣߌ߫ ߞߙߊߞߏ:ߝߑߙߊ߲ߞ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫.